Improving cardiovascular health with the patient-centered, integrated primary care HEARTS model in Trinidad and Tobago.

This article describes the introduction of the Pan American Health Organization's HEARTS in the Americas program in Trinidad and Tobago and the successful experiences and challenges encountered in introducing and scaling it up as a strategy for strengthening the health system's response to cardiovascular diseases. Evidence about implementation of the HEARTS program in the World Health Organization's Region of the Americas was reviewed to identify the progress made, barriers, success factors and lessons learned. In 2019, the Ministry of Health commenced implementation of the program in 5 (4.9%) of the 102 primary health care centers, and by the end of 2021, it had been scaled up to 46 (45.0%) centers. The HEARTS program ensures that patients' cardiovascular health is managed in a comprehensive way through providing counseling about a healthy lifestyle, using evidence-based treatment protocols, ensuring access to essential medicines and technologies, and using a risk-based team approach, a monitoring and evaluation system and also a team-based approach to care delivery. The barriers encountered during implementation included the fragmentation of the existing health care system, the paternalistic role assumed by health care professionals, the resistance of some health care workers to change and a lack of team-based approaches to providing care. Successful implementation of the program was enabled through ensuring high-level political commitment, establishing the national HEARTS Oversight Committee, ensuring stakeholder involvement throughout all phases and implementing standardized approaches to care. When implemented in the context of existing primary health care settings, the HEARTS program provides an exceptionally well integrated and comprehensive model of care that embodies the principles of universal health care while ensuring the health of both populations and individuals. Thus, it enables and promotes a strengthened primary health care system and services that are responsive and resilient.

En este artículo se describe la introducción del programa HEARTS en las Américas de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud en Trinidad y Tabago y las experiencias satisfactorias y los desafíos encontrados con su ejecución y ampliación como estrategia para fortalecer la respuesta del sistema de salud a las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se reunieron datos sobre la ejecución del programa HEARTS en la Región de las Américas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud con el fin de determinar cuáles han sido los avances, los obstáculos, los factores de éxito y las enseñanzas extraídas. En el año 2019, el Ministerio de Salud inició la ejecución del programa en cinco (4,9%) de los 102 centros de atención primaria de salud, y para fines del 2021, se había ampliado a 46 (45,0%). El programa HEARTS garantiza el manejo integral de la salud cardiovascular de los pacientes mediante la prestación de asesoramiento sobre hábitos saludables, la aplicación de protocolos de tratamiento basados en la evidencia, la garantía de acceso a medicamentos y tecnologías esenciales, así como el uso de un enfoque de trabajo en equipo basado en el riesgo, un sistema de monitoreo y evaluación, y un enfoque basado en el equipo para abordar la prestación de la atención. Entre los obstáculos para su ejecución se encontraron la fragmentación del sistema de atención médica, el papel paternalista asumido por los profesionales de la salud, la resistencia al cambio de algunos trabajadores de salud y la falta de enfoques de trabajo en equipo para la prestación de la atención. La ejecución satisfactoria del programa fue posible gracias a un compromiso político de alto nivel, la creación de un comité nacional de supervisión de HEARTS, la participación de las partes interesadas en todas las fases del programa y la aplicación de enfoques estandarizados para la atención. En su ejecución en el contexto de los entornos de atención primaria de salud existentes, el programa HEARTS proporciona un modelo de atención excepcionalmente bien integrado y exhaustivo que encarna los principios de acceso universal a la atención de salud al tiempo que garantiza la salud individual y poblacional. De este modo, este modelo fomenta un sistema de atención primaria de salud fortalecido y unos servicios receptivos y resilientes.

Este artigo descreve a introdução do programa HEARTS nas Américas da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde em Trinidad e Tobago e as experiências bem-sucedidas e os desafios encontrados durante a introdução e expansão do programa como estratégia para fortalecer a resposta do sistema de saúde às doenças cardiovasculares. Analisaram-se evidências sobre a implementação do programa HEARTS na Região das Américas da Organização Mundial da Saúde para identificar os avanços obtidos, os obstáculos, os fatores de sucesso e as lições aprendidas. Em 2019, o Ministério da Saúde iniciou a implementação do programa em 5 (4,9%) dos 102 centros de atenção primária à saúde; no final de 2021, o programa havia sido ampliado para 46 (45,0%) centros. O programa HEARTS assegura que a saúde cardiovascular dos pacientes seja manejada de uma forma abrangente por meio de aconselhamento sobre estilo de vida saudável, uso de protocolos de tratamento baseados em evidências, garantia de acesso a medicamentos e tecnologias essenciais e utilização de uma estratégia de equipe baseada no risco, de um sistema de monitoramento e avaliação e de uma abordagem de atendimento baseado em equipe. Os obstáculos encontrados durante a implementação incluíam a fragmentação do sistema de saúde existente, o papel paternalista assumido pelos profissionais de saúde, a resistência de alguns profissionais de saúde a mudanças e a falta de abordagens baseadas em equipe na prestação do atendimento. Para permitir que a implementação do programa fosse bem-sucedida, obteve-se compromisso político de alto nível, criou-se o Comitê de Supervisão do HEARTS nacional, assegurou-se o envolvimento de interessados diretos em todas as fases e implementaram-se abordagens padronizadas de atendimento. Quando implementado no contexto dos ambientes existentes de atenção primária à saúde, o programa HEARTS oferece um modelo de atenção excepcionalmente bem integrado e abrangente que incorpora os princípios de atenção universal à saúde, ao mesmo tempo em que garante a saúde das populações e dos indivíduos. Dessa forma, viabiliza e promove um sistema de atenção primária à saúde fortalecido e serviços responsivos e resilientes.

Improving cardiovascular health with the patient-centered, integrated primary care HEARTS model in Trinidad and Tobago

[ABSTRACT]. This article describes the introduction of the Pan American Health Organization’s HEARTS in the Americas program in Trinidad and Tobago and the successful experiences and challenges encountered in introducing and scaling it up as a strategy for strengthening the health system’s response to cardiovascular diseases. Evidence about implementation of the HEARTS program in the World Health Organization’s Region of the Americas was reviewed to identify the progress made, barriers, success factors and lessons learned. In 2019, the Ministry of Health commenced implementation of the program in 5 (4.9%) of the 102 primary health care centers, and by the end of 2021, it had been scaled up to 46 (45.0%) centers. The HEARTS program ensures that patients’ cardiovascular health is managed in a comprehensive way through providing counseling about a healthy lifestyle, using evidence-based treatment protocols, ensuring access to essential medicines and technologies, and using a risk-based team approach, a monitoring and evaluation system and also a teambased approach to care delivery. The barriers encountered during implementation included the fragmentation of the existing health care system, the paternalistic role assumed by health care professionals, the resistance of some health care workers to change and a lack of team-based approaches to providing care. Successful implementation of the program was enabled through ensuring high-level political commitment, establishing the national HEARTS Oversight Committee, ensuring stakeholder involvement throughout all phases and implementing standardized approaches to care. When implemented in the context of existing primary health care settings, the HEARTS program provides an exceptionally well integrated and comprehensive model of care that embodies the principles of universal health care while ensuring the health of both populations and individuals. Thus, it enables and promotes a strengthened primary health care system and services that are responsive and resilient.

[RESUMEN]. En este artículo se describe la introducción del programa HEARTS en las Américas de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud en Trinidad y Tabago y las experiencias satisfactorias y los desafíos encontrados con su ejecución y ampliación como estrategia para fortalecer la respuesta del sistema de salud a las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se reunieron datos sobre la ejecución del programa HEARTS en la Región de las Américas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud con el fin de determinar cuáles han sido los avances, los obstáculos, los factores de éxito y las enseñanzas extraídas. En el año 2019, el Ministerio de Salud inició la ejecución del programa en cinco (4,9%) de los 102 centros de atención primaria de salud, y para fines del 2021, se había ampliado a 46 (45,0%). El programa HEARTS garantiza el manejo integral de la salud cardiovascular de los pacientes mediante la prestación de asesoramiento sobre hábitos saludables, la aplicación de protocolos de tratamiento basados en la evidencia, la garantía de acceso a medicamentos y tecnologías esenciales, así como el uso de un enfoque de trabajo en equipo basado en el riesgo, un sistema de monitoreo y evaluación, y un enfoque basado en el equipo para abordar la prestación de la atención. Entre los obstáculos para su ejecución se encontraron la fragmentación del sistema de atención médica, el papel paternalista asumido por los profesionales de la salud, la resistencia al cambio de algunos trabajadores de salud y la falta de enfoques de trabajo en equipo para la prestación de la atención. La ejecución satisfactoria del programa fue posible gracias a un compromiso político de alto nivel, la creación de un comité nacional de supervisión de HEARTS, la participación de las partes interesadas en todas las fases del programa y la aplicación de enfoques estandarizados para la atención. En su ejecución en el contexto de los entornos de atención primaria de salud existentes, el programa HEARTS proporciona un modelo de atención excepcionalmente bien integrado y exhaustivo que encarna los principios de acceso universal a la atención de salud al tiempo que garantiza la salud individual y poblacional. De este modo, este modelo fomenta un sistema de atención primaria de salud fortalecido y unos servicios receptivos y resilientes.

[RESUMO]. Este artigo descreve a introdução do programa HEARTS nas Américas da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde em Trinidad e Tobago e as experiências bem-sucedidas e os desafios encontrados durante a introdução e expansão do programa como estratégia para fortalecer a resposta do sistema de saúde às doenças cardiovasculares. Analisaram-se evidências sobre a implementação do programa HEARTS na Região das Américas da Organização Mundial da Saúde para identificar os avanços obtidos, os obstáculos, os fatores de sucesso e as lições aprendidas. Em 2019, o Ministério da Saúde iniciou a implementação do programa em 5 (4,9%) dos 102 centros de atenção primária à saúde; no final de 2021, o programa havia sido ampliado para 46 (45,0%) centros. O programa HEARTS assegura que a saúde cardiovascular dos pacientes seja manejada de uma forma abrangente por meio de aconselhamento sobre estilo de vida saudável, uso de protocolos de tratamento baseados em evidências, garantia de acesso a medicamentos e tecnologias essenciais e utilização de uma estratégia de equipe baseada no risco, de um sistema de monitoramento e avaliação e de uma abordagem de atendimento baseado em equipe. Os obstáculos encontrados durante a implementação incluíam a fragmentação do sistema de saúde existente, o papel paternalista assumido pelos profissionais de saúde, a resistência de alguns profissionais de saúde a mudanças e a falta de abordagens baseadas em equipe na prestação do atendimento. Para permitir que a implementação do programa fosse bem-sucedida, obteve-se compromisso político de alto nível, criou-se o Comitê de Supervisão do HEARTS nacional, assegurou-se o envolvimento de interessados diretos em todas as fases e implementaram-se abordagens padronizadas de atendimento. Quando implementado no contexto dos ambientes existentes de atenção primária à saúde, o programa HEARTS oferece um modelo de atenção excepcionalmente bem integrado e abrangente que incorpora os princípios de atenção universal à saúde, ao mesmo tempo em que garante a saúde das populações e dos indivíduos. Dessa forma, viabiliza e promove um sistema de atenção primária à saúde fortalecido e serviços responsivos e resilientes.

Improving cardiovascular health with the patient-centered, integrated primary care HEARTS model in Trinidad and Tobago / Mejorar la salud cardiovascular con HEARTS, un modelo integrado de atención primaria centrado en el paciente, en Trinidad y Tabago / Melhoria da saúde cardiovascular com o modelo HEARTS de atenção primária integrada e centrada no paciente em Trinidad e Tobago

ABSTRACT This article describes the introduction of the Pan American Health Organization's HEARTS in the Americas program in Trinidad and Tobago and the successful experiences and challenges encountered in introducing and scaling it up as a strategy for strengthening the health system's response to cardiovascular diseases. Evidence about implementation of the HEARTS program in the World Health Organization's Region of the Americas was reviewed to identify the progress made, barriers, success factors and lessons learned. In 2019, the Ministry of Health commenced implementation of the program in 5 (4.9%) of the 102 primary health care centers, and by the end of 2021, it had been scaled up to 46 (45.0%) centers. The HEARTS program ensures that patients' cardiovascular health is managed in a comprehensive way through providing counseling about a healthy lifestyle, using evidence-based treatment protocols, ensuring access to essential medicines and technologies, and using a risk-based team approach, a monitoring and evaluation system and also a team-based approach to care delivery. The barriers encountered during implementation included the fragmentation of the existing health care system, the paternalistic role assumed by health care professionals, the resistance of some health care workers to change and a lack of team-based approaches to providing care. Successful implementation of the program was enabled through ensuring high-level political commitment, establishing the national HEARTS Oversight Committee, ensuring stakeholder involvement throughout all phases and implementing standardized approaches to care. When implemented in the context of existing primary health care settings, the HEARTS program provides an exceptionally well integrated and comprehensive model of care that embodies the principles of universal health care while ensuring the health of both populations and individuals. Thus, it enables and promotes a strengthened primary health care system and services that are responsive and resilient.

RESUMEN En este artículo se describe la introducción del programa HEARTS en las Américas de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud en Trinidad y Tabago y las experiencias satisfactorias y los desafíos encontrados con su ejecución y ampliación como estrategia para fortalecer la respuesta del sistema de salud a las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se reunieron datos sobre la ejecución del programa HEARTS en la Región de las Américas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud con el fin de determinar cuáles han sido los avances, los obstáculos, los factores de éxito y las enseñanzas extraídas. En el año 2019, el Ministerio de Salud inició la ejecución del programa en cinco (4,9%) de los 102 centros de atención primaria de salud, y para fines del 2021, se había ampliado a 46 (45,0%). El programa HEARTS garantiza el manejo integral de la salud cardiovascular de los pacientes mediante la prestación de asesoramiento sobre hábitos saludables, la aplicación de protocolos de tratamiento basados en la evidencia, la garantía de acceso a medicamentos y tecnologías esenciales, así como el uso de un enfoque de trabajo en equipo basado en el riesgo, un sistema de monitoreo y evaluación, y un enfoque basado en el equipo para abordar la prestación de la atención. Entre los obstáculos para su ejecución se encontraron la fragmentación del sistema de atención médica, el papel paternalista asumido por los profesionales de la salud, la resistencia al cambio de algunos trabajadores de salud y la falta de enfoques de trabajo en equipo para la prestación de la atención. La ejecución satisfactoria del programa fue posible gracias a un compromiso político de alto nivel, la creación de un comité nacional de supervisión de HEARTS, la participación de las partes interesadas en todas las fases del programa y la aplicación de enfoques estandarizados para la atención. En su ejecución en el contexto de los entornos de atención primaria de salud existentes, el programa HEARTS proporciona un modelo de atención excepcionalmente bien integrado y exhaustivo que encarna los principios de acceso universal a la atención de salud al tiempo que garantiza la salud individual y poblacional. De este modo, este modelo fomenta un sistema de atención primaria de salud fortalecido y unos servicios receptivos y resilientes.

RESUMO Este artigo descreve a introdução do programa HEARTS nas Américas da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde em Trinidad e Tobago e as experiências bem-sucedidas e os desafios encontrados durante a introdução e expansão do programa como estratégia para fortalecer a resposta do sistema de saúde às doenças cardiovasculares. Analisaram-se evidências sobre a implementação do programa HEARTS na Região das Américas da Organização Mundial da Saúde para identificar os avanços obtidos, os obstáculos, os fatores de sucesso e as lições aprendidas. Em 2019, o Ministério da Saúde iniciou a implementação do programa em 5 (4,9%) dos 102 centros de atenção primária à saúde; no final de 2021, o programa havia sido ampliado para 46 (45,0%) centros. O programa HEARTS assegura que a saúde cardiovascular dos pacientes seja manejada de uma forma abrangente por meio de aconselhamento sobre estilo de vida saudável, uso de protocolos de tratamento baseados em evidências, garantia de acesso a medicamentos e tecnologias essenciais e utilização de uma estratégia de equipe baseada no risco, de um sistema de monitoramento e avaliação e de uma abordagem de atendimento baseado em equipe. Os obstáculos encontrados durante a implementação incluíam a fragmentação do sistema de saúde existente, o papel paternalista assumido pelos profissionais de saúde, a resistência de alguns profissionais de saúde a mudanças e a falta de abordagens baseadas em equipe na prestação do atendimento. Para permitir que a implementação do programa fosse bem-sucedida, obteve-se compromisso político de alto nível, criou-se o Comitê de Supervisão do HEARTS nacional, assegurou-se o envolvimento de interessados diretos em todas as fases e implementaram-se abordagens padronizadas de atendimento. Quando implementado no contexto dos ambientes existentes de atenção primária à saúde, o programa HEARTS oferece um modelo de atenção excepcionalmente bem integrado e abrangente que incorpora os princípios de atenção universal à saúde, ao mesmo tempo em que garante a saúde das populações e dos indivíduos. Dessa forma, viabiliza e promove um sistema de atenção primária à saúde fortalecido e serviços responsivos e resilientes.

Standardized treatment to improve hypertension control in primary health care: The HEARTS in the Americas Initiative.

Hypertension is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide. Despite the availability of effective antihypertensive medications, the control of hypertension at a global level is dismal, and consequently, the CVD burden continues to increase. In response, countries in Latin America and the Caribbean are implementing the HEARTS in the Americas, a community-based program that focuses on increasing hypertension control and CVD secondary prevention through risk factor mitigation. One key pillar is the implementation of a standardized hypertension treatment protocol supported by a small, high-quality formulary. This manuscript describes the methodology used by the HEARTS in the Americas program to implement a population-based standardized hypertension treatment protocol. It is rooted in a seamless transition from existing treatment practices to best practice using pharmacologic protocols built around a core set of ideal antihypertensive medications. In alignment with recent major hypertension guidelines, the HEARTS in the Americas protocols call for the rapid control of blood pressure, through the use of two antihypertensive medications, preferably in the form of a single pill, fixed-dose combination, in the initial treatment of hypertension. To date, the HEARTS in the Americas program has seen the improvement in antihypertensive medication formularies and the establishment of pharmacologic treatment protocols tailored to individual participating countries. This has translated to significant increases in hypertension control rates post-program implementation in these jurisdictions. Thus, the HEARTS in the Americas program could serve as a model, for not only the Americas Region but globally, and ultimately decrease the burden of CVD.

Surveillance of dengue fever cases using a novel Aedes aegypti population sampling method in Trinidad, West Indies: the cardinal points approach.

A novel dengue surveillance method is described and used to evaluate 100 suspected dengue fever (DF) cases in county St. Patrick, Trinidad, West Indies. From the 30 confirmed DF cases fully investigated within 48 h of diagnosis, 63% (19/30 houses) of their homes were found harboring Aedes aegypti immature stages. Only houses at the four cardinal points of the index case rather than the entire neighborhood were investigated. The results showed significantly (P<0.001) more Ae. aegypti positive houses were observed to the east (P<0.04) and west (P<0.01) than to the north and south (P>0.9). In addition, from the 150 houses inspected a total of 474 artificial containers were inspected and treated, of which 20.8% (99) were infested with Ae. aegypti immature stages. More than 49% of the containers inspected were small miscellaneous containers, but they only produced 4.0% of the Ae. aegypti immatures, of which only 0.4% were pupae. Water tanks (41.7%), drums (40.4%) and buckets (24.2%) produced over 98% of the pupae. The results of this study imply that dengue vector control programs in Trinidad could increase their efficiency by applying the cardinal points surveillance approach during DF case investigations and concentrating their vector control measures on the most productive containers located at the east and west of the index cases.

Blood lead levels in primary school children in Trinidad and Tobago.

This study is the first national baseline survey of blood lead levels (BLLs) conducted on primary school children (ages 5-7 years) in Trinidad and Tobago. A total of 1,761 students from 61 schools participated in the study over a 3-month period. Measurements of capillary BLLs were assessed as well as responses to a risk assessment questionnaire. BLLs ranged from <1 microg/dL to 28.6 microg/dL with a geometric mean of 2.8 microg/dL, which compared favourably with results from the U.S. 1991-94 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Fifteen (0.9%) children had a BLL>or=10 microg/dL (10.8-28.6 microg/dL) of which three (0.2%) met the U.S. criteria for lead poisoning (BLL>or=20 microg/dL). Further environmental investigations are required to identify source(s) of lead exposure in cases with high BLL.

Re-emergence of Plasmodium malariae In Trinidad, West Indies

A focus of Plasmodium malariae infection has recently occurred on the island of Trinidad, some 30 years after a successful eradiction programme. Examination of bloodsmears revealed 22 cases of P. malariae in the Nariva-Mayaro area of Trinidad between August 1994 and September 1995. Most (77 percent) of the cases were male and, as seven were aged >25 years of age, it appeared that transmission had been renewed, probably by the vector Anopheles bellator. However, none of the 3000 mosquitoes tested by ELISA for circumsporozoite protein of P. malariae proved positive. Use of IFAT to check blood samples for P. malariae appeared more sensitive than direct examination of bloodsmears, indicating that 42 (13 percent) of the 325 samples tested were seropositive (at titres of 1:256 or greater). The levels of transmission of the parasite may therefore be even higher than indicated by examination of blood smears. The surveillance measurers adopted to understand the epidemiology of this outbreak of P. malariae in Trinidad are described. The need to maintain malaria surveillance in all the countries where P. malariae parasites once existed (prior to eradication) is emphasised. (AU)

A focus of plasmodium malariae in Trinidad, West Indies

This report describes a focus of Plasmodium malariae on the island of Trinidad, some 30 years after a successful eradication programme. A total of 22 cases of P. malariae was detected using blood smears in the Nariva-Mayaro area of Trinidad from August 1994 to September 1995, with 77.3 percent of the cases being males and 22.7 percent being females. Seven of the 22 cases were individuals < 25 years of age suggesting that malaria transmission was renewed by the anopheline vectors Anopheles bellator and Anopheles homunculus. None of the three thousand mosquitoes tested by ELISA for cirumsporozoite protein of P. malariae proved positive. Blood samples tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) proved negative for P. malariae, while indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) serology proved more sensitive. For example, from 325 IFA samples tested, 42 (12.9 percent) had titres of 1:256 for higher. These results suggest that malaria transmission levels were higher than those reported by blood smears and PCR. The surveillance measures adopted to understand the epidemiology of this outbreak of P. malariae from Trinidad are described. The need of maintain malaria surveillance in all countries where P. malariae parasites existed prior to eradication is emphasized.(AU)

Imported cerebral malaria complicated with glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Two cases of cerebral malaria imported from Guyana and Ghana are reported. These are the first cases of cerebral malaria diagnosed and treated in Trinidad and Tobago since malaria was eradicated. The management of both these cases was complicated because the patients' erythrocytes were glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient, and by the occurrence of blackwater fever, cerebral manifestations, renal impairment, hyperglycaemia and thrombocytopenia. The symptoms of cerebral malaria resolved following treatment with quinidine and doxycycline and quinidine and clindamycin. (AU)

Imported cerebral malaria complicated with glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Two cases of cerebral malaria imported from Guyana and Ghana are reported. These are the first cases of cerebral malaria diagnosed and treated in Trinidad and Tobago since malaria was eradicated. The management of both these cases was complicated because the patients' erythrocytes were glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient, and by the occurrence of blackwater fever, cerebral manifestations, renal impairment, hyperglycaemia and thrombocytopenia. The symptoms of cerebral malaria resolved following treatment with quinidine and doxycycline and quinidine and clindamycin.

A case of vivax malaria presenting with psyhosis

The first case of psychosis due to Plasmodium vivax malaria, imported from India is reported. A 44-year-old Trinidadian male presented with fever, and psychotic episodes in association with vivax malaria. The symptoms of both malaria and psychosis were resolved following the standard chloroquine-primaquine therapy (AU)

A case of vivax malaria presenting with psyhosis

The first case of psychosis due to Plasmodium vivax malaria, imported from India is reported. A 44-year-old Trinidadian male presented with fever, and psychotic episodes in association with vivax malaria. The symptoms of both malaria and psychosis were resolved following the standard chloroquine-primaquine therapy

Ivermectin treatment of mansonellosis in Blanchisseuse, Trinidad, West Indies - abstract

The first double-blind-placebo field trial, using the drug ivermectin to control M. ozzardi microfilariae, was conducted in Blanchisseuse, North Trinidad. A preliminary trial indicated that there were no major constraints in administering the drug ivermectin within the community. In 16 patients before treatment, the microfilariae density ranged from 1 to 5,679 mf/ml, and the geometric mean was 697 mf/ml compared to 4 to 2,042 mf/ml and 362 mf/ml in the 14 patients given the placebo. Following treatment 87.5 percent (14/16) experienced side effects including fever and arthralgia (12 cases), myalgia (3 cases), headaches (11 cases) and chills (8 cases). All symptoms disappeared after 24 hours. Twenty-four hours after the ivermectin treatment the M. ozzardi microfilariae densities significantly (p < 0.001) declined to zero in 11 out of 16 cases (68.8 percent) while in 5 cases densities declined by > 95 percent. One week post-treatment there were no microfilariae observed in 93.8 percent (15/16) of cases, with one patient not attending the clinic. Blood samples collected 1 and 5 months after ivermectin treatment revealed M. ozzardi microfilariae in 3 patients. These 3 patients were re-treated with 6 mg of ivermectin, but two patients demonstrated persistent parasitaemias in subsequent blood samples. Within the placebo group, fluctuating levels of microfilariae were observed (AU)

Mass chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine for the control of bancroftian filariasis: a twelve-year follow-up in Northern Trinidad, including observations on mansonella ozzardi

A microfilaria survey was conducted in Trinidad in 1992, 12 years after mass treatment with spaced doses of diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC-C) for the control of Bancroftian filariasis; 348 persons were examined using thick blood smears and a membrane filtration technique. They included 104 who had participated in the mass chemotherapy campaign in 1980. No Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae were detected among 66 percent of the population examined. In 1980, 86 of 592 persons examined were found to be infected with W. bancrofti, 140 with Mansonella ozzardi and 44 with mixed infections, while in 1992, only M. ozzardi infections persisted despite treatment with DEC-C. Of the 104 persons reexamined 12 years later, 46 had M. ozzardi, of which five were new cases, but none had W. bancrofti. During both the 1980 and 1992 surveys, low microfilariae rates for M. ozzardi were observed among those 19 years of age or younger. Of the 302 persons newly examined in 1992, 29 were infected with significantly (P<0.001) more males (79.3 percent) than females (20.9 percent) being microfilaremic. The combined results showed similar prevalence rates for M. ozzardi from 23.3 percent to 21.6 percent in 1980 and 1992. Nuclepore membrane filtration and thick blood films were very efficient in demonstrating the presence of microfilariae. The usefulness of these methods and spaced treatment using DEC-C are also discussed (AU)

Mass chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine for the control of bancroftian filariasis: a 12-year follow-up in North Trinidad including observations on mansonella ozzardi microfilaraemia - abstract

A microfilaria survey was conducted in Blanchisseuse, North Trinidad in 1992 twelve years after mass treatment with spaced doses of diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC-C) for the control of Bancroftian filariasis; 348 persons were examined, including 104 who had participated in the mass-chemotherapy campaign in 1980. No W. bancrofti microfilarie were detected among 66 percent of the population examined. In 1980, 86 persons were found with W. bancrofti, 140 with M. ozzardi and 44 with mixed infections while in 1992 only Mansonella ozzardi infections persisted despite DEC-C treatment. From the 104 persons re-examined, 46 persons had M.ozzardi, of which 5 were new cases but none had W. bancrofti infections in 1992. During both the 1980 and 1992 surveys, low microfilariae rates of M.ozzardi were observed among the 1-4, 5-9 and 10-19-year age groups. From the 302 persons examined in 1992, 29 were infected, with significantly (p<0.001) more males (79.3 percent) than females (20.7 percent) being microfilaraemic. The combined results showed similar prevalence rates of M.ozzardi from 23.3 percent to 21.6 percent in 1980 and 1992, respectively. A good correlation was found between the results observed from Nucleopore membrane filtration and thick blood films. The usefulness of thes methods and spaced treatment using DEC-C is also discussed (AU)

Falciparum malaria treated with a chloroquine suspension administered rectally in Trinidad

A new mode of administering malaria chemotherapy to patients unable to tolerate oral medication is described. A patient with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, severe hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia who regurgitated oral treatment of chloroquine phosphate and pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine (Fansidar) is presented. But neither chloroquine nor quinine intravenous formulations were available locally. As the patient was deteriorating, a suspension of chloroquine phosphate was prepared and administered rectally, resulting in a decline in the level of parasitaemia from ++++ to ++ within 48 hours. The patient improved, and further clinical management was uncomplicated (AU)

Falciparum malaria treated with a chloroquine suspension administered rectally in Trinidad

A new mode of administering malaria chemotherapy to patients unable to tolerate oral medication is described. A patient with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, severe hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia who regurgitated oral treatment of chloroquine phosphate and pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine (Fansidar) is presented. But neither chloroquine nor quinine intravenous formulations were available locally. As the patient was deteriorating, a suspension of chloroquine phosphate was prepared and administered rectally, resulting in a decline in the level of parasitaemia from ++++ to ++ within 48 hours. The patient improved, and further clinical management was uncomplicated.

Gastroenteritis in Kingston and St. Andrew as seen at Bustamante Children's Hospital, 1973 - 1977

Gastroenteritis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Kingston and St. Andrew. It was the single most important cause of death in 1968 to 1970 with a mortality rate of 216.1 per 100,000 population. At Children's Hospital it ranked second to respiratory diseases as the major cause of death with a steady decline over the past three years. The case fatality rate showed a remarkable decline over the past four years at the Institution. The under two year age group is the most affected accounting for about 90 per cent of the morbidity and mortality. The seasonal trends during 1973 to 1977 demonstrated a peak in the cooler months of the year. The bacterial pathogens isolated from the gastroenteritis cases being the salmonellae, shigellaE, and pathogenic E. coli with the Salmonellae being most predominant, although an increase in the isolates of shigellae was seen in 1977. Weaning before the sixth month of life was associated with increasing incidence of gastroenteritis. Also more cases of gastroenteritis were noted in the economically depressed areas of Kingston and St. Andrew. (AU)